µ¼¶Á
Ò¼ || µ±ÎÒÃÇ¿´µ½Õû¸öÉç»áÕÙ»½ÆóÒµ¼Ò¾«Éñ¹éÀ´£¬ËµÃ÷ÆóÒµ¼Ò¾«ÉñÕý´¦ÓÚ¡°ÐÝÃß¡±×´Ì¬¡£½ÐÐÑÆóÒµ¼Ò¾«Éñ£¬ÐèÒª×ðÖØ·ÇÕýÊ½ÖÆ¶È£¬ÓÈÆäÊÇÕþ¸®Ö´·¨²¿·ÖºÍî¿Ïµ²¿·ÖÒª×ðÖØ²»¿ÉÎĵÄ×óȯ¾«Éñ£¬ÕâµãºÜÊÇÖ÷Òª¡£
·¡ || ÏÖÔÚÌᳫ»Ø¹é³õÐÄ£¬ÖØËܺͽøÒ»²½ºëÑïÆóÒµ¼Ò¾«Éñ£¬³õÐľÍÊÇˢпª·Å¡£Ë¢Ð¾ÍÊÇ×ß×ðÖØ×óȯ¾«ÉñµÄÊг¡»¯õè¾¶£¬Ã»ÓÐÊг¡»¯¾ÍûÓÐÆóÒµ¼ÒȺÌ壬¸ü̸²»ÉϽ¨ÉèÌìÏÂÒ»Á÷ÆóÒµ¡£
Èþ || δÀ´ÕæÕýµÄÆóÒµ¼Ò»á·ºÆðÔÚÄêÇáÈËÖÐÐÄ¡£Æ¾Ö¤´óÊý¶¨ÂÉ£¬ÔÚÖйúÕâô´óµÄÉú³Ý»ùÊýÉÏ£¬Ò»¶¨»áÓÐÐí¶à¾ßÓÐÆóÒµ¼ÒÌØÖÊDZÁ¦µÄÈ˲š£ÓÐDZÁ¦»¹ÒªÊ©Õ¹³öÀ´£¬½ð×ÓÂñÔÚÍÁÀïÒ»ÍòÄêÒ²·¢²»Á˹⡣ÄêÇáÈËÈô²»ÖªµÀ×Ô¼ºÓÐÊ²Ã´ÌØÖÊDZÁ¦£¬¾ÍÒª¶àʵÑ飬¿´×Ô¼ºÊÇÊʺÏ×öѧÕß¡¢×÷¼ÒÕվɹ«ÎñÔ±£¬Òª×ßÊʺÏ×Ô¼ºµÄõè¾¶¡£
ÐܱËÌØ£¨Joseph Schumpeter£©ÊÇÆóÒµ¼Ò¾¼Ãѧ»òÕß˵Á¢Òì¾¼Ãѧ֮¸¸£¬ËûÌá³ö¾¼ÃÊǸö¶¯Ì¬µÄÀú³Ì¡£ÔÚ¾²Ì¬µÄʱ¼ä£¬¹Åµä¾¼ÃѧÒÔΪÀûÈóÂÊ»áÇ÷ÓÚÁã¡£ÈôÊÇÀûÈóÂÊÇ÷ÓÚÁ㣬˻¹»áÀ´×·ÖðÀûÈó£¿ÐܱËÌØËµ£¬ÔÚ¶¯Ì¬Àú³ÌÖУ¬ÔÚ¾²Ì¬ºÍ¾²Ì¬×ª»»Àú³ÌÖУ¬±£´æ×ÅÓâ¶îÀûÈó¡£Á¢ÒìÕß×·ÖðµÄ¾ÍÊÇÓâ¶îÀûÈó£¬×·Öðµ½Á˾Í׬Ǯ£¬×·Öð²»µ½¾Í¿÷Ëð£¬ÆóÒµ¼ÒÄõľÍÊÇÕâ¸ö²»È·¶¨µÄÊÕÒæ¡£
¾¼ÃÔöÌíÀíÂÛÖÐÓÐÒ»¸ö¿´·¨½Ð¡°Ë÷ÂåÊ£Óࡱ£¨Solow Residual£©£¬ÔÚ˼Á¿ËùÓÐÉú²úÒªËØÍ¶Èë¶Ô¾¼ÃÔöÌíµÄТ˳ºó£¬Ê£ÏÂÄÇÒ»²¿·Ö±»³ÆÎª¡°Ë÷ÂåÊ£Óࡱ£¬Ëü²»¿É±»Ö±½ÓÊӲ쵽£¬µ«ÆÕ±éÒÔΪËü·´Ó¦µÄÊÇÉú²úЧÂÊ£¬Ò²¾ÍÊÇÈ«ÒªËØÉú²úÂÊ£¨TFP£©¡£
01ÆóÒµ¼Ò×·ÇóµÄÊÇ¡°ÐܱËÌØÊ£Óࡱ
ÎÒÌá³öÒ»¸öп´·¨¡ª¡ª¡°ÐܱËÌØÊ£Óࡱ£¨Schumpeterian Residual£©£¬¼´Ò»¸ö¹ú¼ÒµÄ¾¼ÃÔÚ¶¯Ì¬Àú³ÌÖÐÁô¸øÄ³Ð©Óе¨Ê¶¡¢¾ßÓÐÆóÒµ¼ÒÌØÖʵÄÈËʿȥ׷ÖðµÄÊ£Óà¡£ÓÐЩ¾¼Ãѧ¼ÒÒÔΪÎ÷·½ÏÖ´ú¾¼ÃѧûÓÐ˼Á¿µ½ÆóÒµ¼Ò¾«Éñ£¬ÄÇ¿ÉÄÜÊÇ1990Äê֮ǰµÄÊÂÇé¡£1990ÄêÒÔºó£¬ÄÚÉú¾¼ÃÔöÌíÀíÂÛ½µÉú£¬ÆäÖÐÓÐÒ»¸öÖ÷Òª·ÖÖ§¾ÍÊÇ¡°ÐܱËÌØÔöÌíÀíÂÛ¡±£¬°ÑÔ¤ÆÚÓâ¶îÀûÈ󣬼´¡°ÐܱËÌØÊ£Óࡱ˼Á¿½øÈ¥×öÁ˶¯Ì¬Ä£×Ó¡£
ÔÚºê¹Û²ãÃæ£¬ÎÒÃDz¢²»¹Ø×¢Ä³¸öÆóÒµ¼ÒÊÇÓ®ÕÕ¾ÉÊ䣬¶øÊÇÌåÌùÕû¸öÆóÒµ¼ÒȺÌåÔÚÒ»¸ö¹ú¼Ò¾¼ÃÖÐÓ®Á˼¸¶à¡¢ÊÎÑÝÁËʲô½ÇÉ«¡£ÔÚÌÖÂÛÆóÒµ¼ÒÐ¢Ë³Ê±Éæ¼°¡°×ÜÁ¿¡±¡°¶¯Ì¬¡±¡°Öƶȡ±Èý¸öÒªº¦´Ê¡£
×ÜÁ¿Òâζ×ÅÕâ²»ÊǹØÓÚ¸öÌåµÄÎÊÌâ¡£ÎÒÃDz»ÌåÌùË»áÊÇÖйúµÄÂí˹¿Ë£¬¶øÌåÌùÖйúδÀ´ÄÜ·ñÓµÓд´ÒµÁ¢ÒìµÄÈ˲ÅȺÌå¡£
¶¯Ì¬Òâζ×Ų»¿É¿´Ä³¸öʱµã£¬¶øÒª¿´ÌݶÈÉÏÉý£¬ÆóÒµ¼ÒÌØÖÊÒ²ÊÇ·ÖÌݶӵġ£ÖйúÏÖÔÚµÄÑз¢Í¶ÈëÊýÄ¿ºÜ´ó£¬µ«Ñз¢ÖÊÁ¿ÊÂʵÔõÑù£¿Îôʱ»Ø¹éÖйúÑÐÖÆ³öÔ×Óµ¯µÄǮѧɣ¬±»Ò»Î»ÃÀ¹ú½«¾üÊÓΪ¡°Ò»Ð¡ÎÒ˽¼ÒµÖµÃÉÏÎå¸öʦ¡±£¬Õâ¾ÍÊÇÒ»ÖÖ¶Ô¸ßÌØÖʵÄÒ»¶¨¡£
ÖÆ¶È°üÀ¨ÕýÊ½ÖÆ¶ÈºÍ·ÇÕýÊ½ÖÆ¶È¡£ÒªºëÑïÆóÒµ¼Ò¾«Éñ£¬Ê×ÏÈÒª×ðÖØÐ´ÔÚÖ½ÉϵÄÖ´·¨£¬Í¬Ê±Òª×ðÖØÃ»ÓÐд³ÉÎÄ×ÖµÄ×óȯ¡£ÆóÒµ¼Ò¾ÍÊÇËÈ˳ÔÁ˱ª×Óµ¨µÄÈË£¬ÆäÐÐΪ¿ÉÄܲ»ÇкÏÉç»á¹æ·¶£¬ÊÇ·ñÔÊÐíËûÈ¥Ðж¯ÊÇÎÞ·¨ÓÃÎÄ×ÖÀ´±íÊöµÄ¡£
µ±ÎÒÃÇ¿´µ½Õû¸öÉç»áÕÙ»½ÆóÒµ¼Ò¾«Éñ¹éÀ´£¬ËµÃ÷ÆóÒµ¼Ò¾«ÉñÕý´¦ÓÚ¡°ÐÝÃß¡±×´Ì¬¡£½ÐÐÑÆóÒµ¼Ò¾«Éñ£¬ÐèÒª×ðÖØ·ÇÕýÊ½ÖÆ¶È£¬ÓÈÆäÊÇÕþ¸®Ö´·¨²¿·ÖºÍî¿Ïµ²¿·ÖÒª×ðÖØ²»¿ÉÎĵÄ×óȯ¾«Éñ£¬ÕâµãºÜÊÇÖ÷Òª¡£
02¼á³Ö×ðÖØ×óȯ¾«ÉñµÄÊг¡»¯Ë¢ÐÂ
ÖйúÔÚˢпª·ÅʱÆÚµÄÀֳɿ¿µÄÊÇÆóÒµ¼ÒȺÌå¡£20ÊÀ¼Í80ÄêÔ£¬ÕûÆäÖйúÉç»áµÄÆø·Õ¾ÍÊDz»ÌÉÆ½£¬ºÜÊÇÓлîÁ¦¡£
ÏÖÔÚÌᳫ»Ø¹é³õÐÄ£¬ÖØËܺͽøÒ»²½ºëÑïÆóÒµ¼Ò¾«Éñ£¬³õÐľÍÊÇˢпª·Å¡£Ë¢Ð¾ÍÊÇ×ß×ðÖØ×óȯ¾«ÉñµÄÊг¡»¯õè¾¶£¬Ã»ÓÐÊг¡»¯¾ÍûÓÐÆóÒµ¼ÒȺÌ壬¸ü̸²»ÉϽ¨ÉèÌìÏÂÒ»Á÷ÆóÒµ¡£
¿ª·Å¾ÍÊÇѧϰÍâÑó£¬ÍâÑóµÄ¹¤¾ßÓÐÐí¶àÔãÆÉ£¬µ«ÈôÊÇû¼û¹ýÍâÑóµÄ¹¤¾ß£¬Ôõô֪µÀÓÅÁÓÖ®±ð£¿ÆóÒµ¼Ò¾«ÉñµÄºëÑïÒÔÖ»ùÓÚÆóÒµ¼Ò¾«Éñ½¨ÉèÌìÏÂÒ»Á÷µÄÆóÒµ£¬¶¼Àë²»¿ªÕâ¸ö³õÐÄ£ºÒª¼á³Ö×ðÖØ×óȯ¾«ÉñµÄÊг¡»¯Ë¢Ð£¬¼á³Ö¶ÔÍ⿪·Å£¬È¥ÆäÔãÆÉ£¬È¡ÆäÓ¢»ª¡£
03¶ÔÇéÐΡ¢Éç»áºÍÖÎÀí¼á³ÖÃô¸Ð
δÀ´ÕæÕýµÄÆóÒµ¼Ò»á·ºÆðÔÚÄêÇáÈËÖÐÐÄ¡£Æ¾Ö¤´óÊý¶¨ÂÉ£¬ÔÚÖйúÕâô´óµÄÉú³Ý»ùÊýÉÏ£¬Ò»¶¨»áÓÐÐí¶à¾ßÓÐÆóÒµ¼ÒÌØÖÊDZÁ¦µÄÈ˲š£ÓÐDZÁ¦»¹ÒªÊ©Õ¹³öÀ´£¬½ð×ÓÂñÔÚÍÁÀïÒ»ÍòÄêÒ²·¢²»Á˹⡣ÄêÇáÈËÈô²»ÖªµÀ×Ô¼ºÓÐÊ²Ã´ÌØÖÊDZÁ¦£¬¾ÍÒª¶àʵÑ飬¿´×Ô¼ºÊÇÊʺÏ×öѧÕß¡¢×÷¼ÒÕվɹ«ÎñÔ±£¬Òª×ßÊʺÏ×Ô¼ºµÄõè¾¶¡£
Õû¸öÉç»áÓÈÆäÊÇÕþ¸®£¬ÒªÎªÄêÇáÈËÁ¢Òì´´Òµ´´Á¢ºÃµÄÌõ¼þ£¬ÒªÈÃÖйúµÄÄêÇáÈ˼´±ãÈ¥ÍâÑóÁôѧÉîÔ죬Ҳ»á½«»Øµ½ÖйúÁ¢Òì´´Òµ×÷Ϊ²»¶þÑ¡Ôñ¡£Õû¸öÉç»áÒªºôÓõÓëʱ¾ã½øÅàÓýÆóÒµ¼ÒµÄÆø·Õ¡£ÒÅÍüÄÇÐ©ÒÆÃñÍâÑóµÄÈË£¬ËûÃÇ»òÐíÔø¾ßÓÐÆóÒµ¼ÒÌØÖÊ£¬µ«Ñ¡ÔñÌÉÆ½Õâ¸öÐж¯×Ô¼º¾Í·´Ó¦³öÆäÒѲ»Ôپ߱¸ÌôÕ½ÏÖʵµÄÄÜÁ¦¡£
ÔÚÄ¿½ñʱ´ú£¬ÈôÊDz»ÌáESG£¨ÇéÐΡ¢Éç»áºÍÖÎÀí£©ÊÇÏ൱ÂäÎéµÄ¡£Éç»áÏëÒªÃãÀøºÍºëÑïµÄÆóÒµ¼Ò¾«Éñ£¬Ó¦°üÀ¨¶ÔÇéÐεÄÃô¸Ð¡¢¶ÔÉç»áµÄ¾ì×¢¡¢¶ÔÖÎÀíµÄ¹Ø×¢¡£ESGÒ»¶¨ÊÇδÀ´ÆóÒµ¼Ò¾«ÉñÖ÷ÒªµÄ×é³É²¿·Ö£¬¸ÒðÏÕ¡¢¸Ò×÷Ϊ£¬Ò²Òª¶ÔÇéÐΡ¢Éç»áºÍÖÎÀíÓÐÃô¸Ð¶È£¬Õâ²ÅÊÇÎÒÃÇÏëÒªµÄÆóÒµ¼Ò¾«Éñ¡£
×îºó£¬ÎÒÃÇÒªÌᳫ¸ßÉÐµÄÆ·µÂ±ê×¼ºÍ×ÔÁ¦Ë¼Ë÷µÄÄÜÁ¦¡£Ò»Ð¡ÎÒ˽¼ÒÊÇ·ñÓÐÆóÒµ¼Ò¾«ÉñºÜÖ÷Òª£¬¿ÉÊÇ·ñÓÐ¸ßµÄÆ·µÂ±ê×¼ºÍ×ÔÁ¦µÄ˼Ë÷ÄÜÁ¦¸üÖ÷Òª¡£
£¨×÷ÕßϵÖÐÅ·¹ú¼Ê¹¤ÉÌѧԺ¾¼ÃѧÓë½ðÈÚѧ½ÌÊÚ¡¢Îâ¾´çö¾¼Ãѧ½Ìϯ½ÌÊÚ£©